The keels constructed in Mirfield yards were made of timber. The methods of construction little changed for hundreds of
years. (Later keels made elsewhere were often of iron or steel.) A oak frame would be constructed parallel to the cut. (Canal.) As can be seen in the pictures of Shepley Bridge yard. This
skeletal frame would then be Oak planked from the bottom up. To enable the planks to follow the curves of the frame, they would be steamed for many hours in large steam boxes. The planks
then very flexible would be iron nailed to the frame quickly before they cooled and their rigidity returned. The gaps between the planks been made watertight by a process known as
"Caulking" whereby cotton or shredded hemp rope mixed with pitch (molten black tar) is forced into the gaps. Finally pine decks were fitted and the hold covered with sectional wooden
hatches.
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